VIP – 6MG

Scientific Overview of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring peptide studied for its wide distribution across the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and brain in vertebrates. Scientific inquiry has explored its potential involvement in immune regulation, neuroprotection, and tissue remodeling. Researchers suggest that VIP may interact with multiple receptor systems, which could influence biological processes in diverse organs and tissues.

Alternative Names: Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, PHM27

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Studies and Research Data

Investigations into Receptor Interactions

Research suggests that VIP may engage with several receptor families, particularly G protein-coupled receptors such as VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1. The distribution of these receptors across the brain, lungs, liver, pancreas, and other organs has led scientists to propose that VIP’s interactions may vary widely depending on receptor location. Findings indicate that receptor activity could potentially influence both central and peripheral systems, though the precise outcomes remain under exploration.

VIP Research on Inflammatory Pathways in the Intestine

Scientific work has proposed that VIP may modulate immune signaling and support barrier function in intestinal models. In studies examining inflammatory bowel conditions, VIP appeared to influence tight junction integrity and reduce inflammatory signaling molecules. Murine models demonstrated that VIP exposure might support the preservation of proteins important for maintaining the intestinal lining, while also decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

VIP Explorations of Pulmonary Responses

In respiratory models, VIP has been studied for its potential to influence vascular remodeling and inflammation. Evidence points to its possible suppression of NFAT activity, which may contribute to immune modulation in lung tissues. Preliminary research suggests that VIP could impact smooth muscle proliferation and pulmonary vascular responses, though outcomes remain subject to further investigation.

Findings in Neuroprotection Research

In the central nervous system, VIP has been proposed to play multiple roles, including neurotransmission and support of neuronal survival. Studies suggest that VIP may act on microglial cells, potentially reducing inflammatory activity while promoting neurotrophic factors. Its involvement in maintaining blood-brain barrier function and mitigating neuroinflammation has made it a topic of interest in models of neurodegeneration.

Research on Transplantation Models

Investigations have also considered VIP in the context of dendritic cell differentiation. Data suggest that exposure of dendritic cells to VIP may alter their immune-related signaling pathways, possibly shifting responses toward tolerance. This potential role in modulating immune activity has been of interest in laboratory studies examining transplantation biology.

Cardiac Fibrosis Investigations

Research into cardiac tissue models has proposed that VIP may be linked to fibrotic pathways. Animal studies indicated that VIP exposure was associated with reduced markers of scarring and downregulation of angiotensin-related signaling components. These findings suggest possible avenues for further exploration of VIP’s role in cardiac remodeling processes.

Conclusion

Research on Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) highlights its wide receptor distribution and potential involvement in diverse biological systems. Scientific studies suggest possible roles in inflammation, pulmonary responses, neuroprotection, immune modulation, and fibrosis. However, these findings remain preliminary, and ongoing work continues to investigate the precise pathways and mechanisms through which VIP may act.

References

1. Petkov V, Mosgoeller W, Ziesche R, Raderer M, Stiebellehner L, Vonbank K, Funk GC, Hamilton G, Novotny C, Burian B, Block LH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(9):1339-46. doi: 10.1172/JCI17500. PMID: 12727925; PMCID: PMC154449.
2. Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in inflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Nov;6(11):1116-23. PMID: 16312132.
3. de Souza FRO, Ribeiro FM, Lima PMD. Implications of VIP and PACAP in Parkinson’s Disease: What do we Know So Far? Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(9):1703-1715. doi: 10.2174/0929867327666200320162436. PMID: 32196442.
4. Duggan KA, Hodge G, Chen J, Hunter T. Vasoactive intestinal peptide infusion reverses existing myocardial fibrosis in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Nov 5;862:172629. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172629. Epub 2019 Aug 23. PMID: 31449808.
5. Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Against Cognitive Decline in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020 Jul 17;14:221. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00221. PMID: 32765225; PMCID: PMC7380167.
6. Chorny A, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Regulation of dendritic cell differentiation by vasoactive intestinal peptide: therapeutic applications on autoimmunity and transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1088:187-94. doi: 10.1196/annals.1366.004. PMID: 17192565.
7. Mosley RL, Lu Y, Olson KE, Machhi J, Yan W, Namminga KL, Smith JR, Shandler SJ, Gendelman HE. A Synthetic Agonist to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor-2 Induces Regulatory T Cell Neuroprotective Activities in Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019 Sep 18;13:421. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00421. PMID: 31619964; PMCID: PMC6759633.
8. Said SI. The vasoactive intestinal peptide gene is a key modulator of pulmonary vascular remodeling and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Nov;1144:148-53. doi: 10.1196/annals.1418.014. PMID: 19076374.
9. Seo S, Miyake H, Alganabi M, Janssen Lok M, O’Connell JS, Lee C, Li B, Pierro A. Vasoactive intestinal peptide decreases inflammation and tight junction disruption in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Dec;54(12):2520-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.038. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31668399.
10. Vosko, A. M., Schroeder, A., Loh, D. H., & Colwell, C. S. (2007). Vasoactive intestinal peptide and the mammalian circadian system. General and comparative endocrinology, 152(2-3), 165–175.

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