by Rawamino | Nov 28, 2025 | Peptides
Introduction Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a ubiquitous pyridine dinucleotide that emerged historically as a fermentation cofactor and is now recognized as a central hub connecting cellular bioenergetics, genome maintenance, and stress-response...
by Rawamino | Nov 27, 2025 | Peptides
Introduction Barrier integrity and nutrient handling in the gastrointestinal tract emerge from tightly coordinated conversations between epithelia, immune cells, and the enteric nervous system. Among enteric neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is of...
by Rawamino | Nov 27, 2025 | Peptides
Introduction Signal transduction through melanocortin receptors (MC1R–MC5R) coordinates diverse processes including pigment synthesis, energy balance, cardiovascular tone, and neurobehavioral responses. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenous...
by Rawamino | Nov 26, 2025 | Peptides
Introduction Energy balance emerges from a network of nutrient sensors, neuroendocrine circuits, and tissue-specific metabolic programs that partition substrates between storage and oxidation. Conventional approaches to studying body-mass regulation have often...
by Rawamino | Nov 26, 2025 | Peptides
Introduction The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a), also known as the ghrelin receptor, integrates metabolic cues with hypothalamic–pituitary signaling to modulate pulsatile growth hormone (GH) release and downstream insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)...
