Humanin – 10MG
$143.00
Discount per Quantity
Quantity | Discount | Price |
---|---|---|
5 - 8 | 5% | $135.85 |
9 + | 10% | $128.70 |
Humanin
Definition Humanin is short natural peptide reported to be linkage with cell energy metabolism and inflammation responding. Previous studies have speculated that Humanin may be encoded in a mitochondrial genome referred to as the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The latter conjecture is supported by the observation that peptide length may be determined by whether it is synthesized in the anterior or posterior pituitary. Let's say the peptide has 21 amino acids if we are synthesizing it in mitochondria, and 24 a.a. if we are making outside of mitochondria but inside cytosol. These two peptides are expected to have biological activities.
Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, evolved from the engulfing of a prokaryote. As time goes on the eukaryotes seems to consume the prokaryotic(single celled) organism and the prokaryotes live an endosymbiotic relationship with the host cell and because of this overtime they become mitochondria.
Mitochondria are known to regulate a variety of critical cellular functions; from energy production, apoptosis, and haemostasis, to the biogenesis of heme proteins. Mitochondria appear to regulate directly or indirectly most if not all of these functions via their communications with the cell through a number of retrograde signals. Alternatively, these signals may result from the nuclear genome that encode information which is cycled via the mitochondria (of prokaryotic ancestry).
Humanin, a short peptide isolated from this genome. This peptide appears to participate in several normal biological functions, which makes sense since this genome is so fundamental.
Overview
The peptide exerts potential actions through the intracellular molecules and cell membrane receptors that has some functions to be cytoprotective or neuroprotective. A proposed molecular model of binding interaction between Humanin and Bax/Bcl-xL based on known structural information. Bax protein, which is thought to have a critical role in apoptosis (cell death), Humanin could, therefore, be binding to a molecule that is involved in activating the pro-apoptotic behavior of Bax upon activation (e.g. by small molecules) on mitochondria thereby blocking the conformational change and subsequent release of cytochrome c.
In addition to work exploring its potential impact on Bax, investigations of Humanin have proposed that the peptide might also interact with other cytoplasmic proteins such as actinin-4 and phosphoprotein 8 in cells during apoptosis. Binding to these proteins might lead to cytoprotective actions for which Humanin is known. It has been proposed that Humanin is able to bind two G protein-coupled peptide receptors, FPRL-1 and FPRL-2 receptors which are known as inflammatory chemotactant receptors, also with potential roles in the nervous system. Humanin, in binding to this receptor, may act as a competitive inhibitor of amyloid β at the FPRL-1 and FPRL-2 receptors, and potentially attenuate certain forms of neurological degeneration.
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